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Sentences, or positions, are referentially opaque just in case they are not transparent, that is, if the substitution of co-referring terms or phrases could potentially alter their truth value.
Davidson replies that one needs to distinguish an opaque and a transparent concept of 'cause' (where the former involves sentences which do not allow the substitution salva veritate of co-referring expressions, and latter does allow such substitutions).
This paper demonstrates an adaptable, extendable, analytically transparent model which accounts for all major influences including residual stress in the pipe wall, constraint from surrounding backfill and partial substitution of the pressurizing gas by water.
So transparent".
Transparent etching.
Does the substitution matter?
80 min: England substitution.
72 min Everton substitution.
But what a substitution.
No substitution as yet.
Be transparent.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com