Yet, neither the transnational nor the assimilation frame of analysis address, analytically or empirically, how premigration experiences impact on immigrant adaptation and transnational engagement.
Whatever form this transnational governance takes, the adoption of a cosmopolitan frame represents the first step.
The cosmopolitan ethical frame is inherently transnational in scope.
I suggest that what a cosmopolitan ethical frame engenders, more than the charity and security frames, is a vision for transnational cooperation and institution building.
Fraud risk management emerges as a highly articulated, transnational web of ideas and procedures which frame the future within present organizational actions, and which intensify the responsibility of senior managers.
By engaging in discourse on mechanisms of international exchange, the brain drain phenomenon is framed as an issue of transnational trade, with source countries and destination countries compelled to treat Filipino nurses and their skills as protected commodities.
Since the 1990s a new frame of analysis has focused on immigrant transnational engagement.
The benefits of transnational flows and the concern for national security have framed development in the U.S. Mexico borderlands since the formative beginnings of both nations.
From this perspective, immigrant entrepreneurs are embedded in local and transnational strategies at the same time, within a vulnerable social and economic frame which is both local and transnational (Audebert 2007).
As global framing contests go, one of the most spectacular is the transnational effort to define proper regulation of the Internet (and in the process characterize China's information policy).
National security has become the dominant ethical frame underlying the health-based foreign policy of many states, despite the transnational nature of many contemporary health challenges.
