'Networked archipelagoes', islands connected by transnational circulations of capital, displace other spatial relations and imaginaries.
It goes on to describe new modes of accumulation and styles of being that seem better adapted to conditions of rising unemployment and informal arrangements, of deterioration and privatization of public services and education, and of reconfigured, accelerated transnational circulations of goods, people and values.
Entangling real estate, banking and transnational financial circulations, managed by the Banque du Liban, its political economy was – and still is – swayed by the fortunes of war.
Diasporic associations and hometown groups fuel transnational exchanges and circulations.
Senegalese migrants are renowned in the qualitative literature for practicing "transnational livelihoods" predicated on circulation between the destination and the homeland and the accumulation of material wealth and social status in Senegal in preparation for an eventual return.
This article applies the concept of care circulation (Baldassar and Merla, Transnational families, migration and the circulation of care: understanding mobility and absence in family life, 2013) to the processes involved in the care of old people in rural China, an area which has hitherto been predominantly located in a quantitatively based intergenerational transfer framework.
Migrants who do not have the ability to circulate between destination and origin because of their irregular legal status are effectively prevented from engaging in transnational livelihoods that depend on this circulation.
Vari-Lavoisier sees economic remittances as crucial to social remittance circulation because they are a key driver of the transnational ties maintained between expatriate Senegalese and their kin.
Indeed several contributors chronicle how legal frameworks influence social remittance circulation and how immigration laws facilitate or thwart migrants' transnational practices.
Following the broader definition of transnational families, Baldassar and Merla (2013) have developed a conceptual framework—'care circulation' in order to unite the studies of migration and caregiving.
