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Parasites can also be transmitted to host offspring, and selection should favour maternal responses that extend protection against parasites to eggs, embryos or chicks [1].
Authors' response: We agree that the strategy of "microbiome mutiny" benefits the symbionts/pathogens only if they can be transmitted to host individuals that had not harbored them previously.
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That is, when hosts are better at transmitting to vectors (than vectors are at transmitting to hosts) the effect of small vector-population size is smaller than when the vectors are better at transmitting to hosts (relative to hosts transmitting to vectors).
However, virus transmitted to another host species would become susceptible to lysis by the complement system from a different host.
Promastigotes are transmitted to mammalian host by the bite of infected sand fly vector, which injects parasites into the host skin where they undergo facilitated phagocytosis by a macrophage and subsequently transform to obligate intracellular amastigotes [ 6, 7].
An infected host can harbor multiple simultaneously co-infecting parasite genomes, and each has the potential of being transmitted to another host through a mosquito biting event.
Also, immunocompetent animal model hosts are commonly transiently colonized; Pneumocystis can replicate actively in their lungs and can be transmitted to another host (30, 37 ).
Once a female does feed on infected blood, the parasites she ingests require a further 10 to 14 days to mature and migrate to her salivary glands, whence they can be transmitted to another host when she next feeds.
Coincidence data is finally transmitted to a host PC for image reconstruction.
At the end of data acquisition, the stored data can be transmitted to the host through the USB2.0 interface.
The analog signal has been digitized on chip and transmitted to a host PC via a FPGA.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com