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During the first stage (i.e., multiple-access phase), both users simultaneously transmit towards the relay, while during the second stage (i.e., broadcast phase), the relay forwards the received signal back to the users with amplify-and-forward protocol.
In ANC, an information between a pair of users is exchanged through two orthogonal time phases; (i) in multiple-access phase both users simultaneously transmit towards the relay, and (ii) in broadcast phase the relay broadcast the received signal to both users using amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol.
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Data dissemination is a process where information is transmitted towards different destinations.
A single SN of the MANET may generate interference to one or many PAs while transmitting towards other SNs.
In the downlink, the femto base station (BS) transmitting towards its femto users will interfere with the reception of nearby macro users served by the macro BS.
The approach is centralized as the whole information of a subnet is transmitted towards the gateway node which issues order to an actor to perform an action.
The elementary building block of cooperative networks is the relay channel (Figure 6) where the source transmits towards the destination with the help of a relay.
On the other hand, in the uplink, users transmitting towards the macro BS may cause interference to closely located femtocells [8].
Since M data streams are exchanged between nodes over orthogonal bandwidth in FDMA manner, a total of β M bandwidth is used for local data exchange, to be transmitted towards the corresponding receivers.
As the FC is tightly connected to both flagella, this pressure results in a reaction force that is transmitted towards the base of the new flagellum and that leads to displacement of the basal body and possibly contributes to extension of the new FAZ filament.
For instance, it has been described that ligand binding to dynein causes conformational changes that are likely transmitted towards the ATPase ring, thereby modulating its ATPase activity [71 73].
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