Previous modeling studies of syphilis transmission have provided important qualitative and quantitative insights for epidemic control by exploring the influence of key parameters on syphilis rebound [ 1, 21, 48, 50].
In order to select split channels for transmissions, Arikan has provided a set of formulas [8] to calculate the Bhattacharyya parameter of each split channel, that is: left{begin{array}{l}Zleft({W}_N^{2i-1}right)=-Z{left({W}_{N/2}^iright)}^2+2Zleft({W}_{N/2}^iright) Zleft({W}_N^{2i}right)=Z{left({W}_{N/2}^iright)}^2end{array}right.
Although most of Katabi's work has centered on wireless data transmission, her research has provided solutions for a range of networking issues — from protocols to minimize congestion in high-bandwidth networks to algorithms for spectrum analysis.
H. pylori strains appear to be spread by person-to-person contact (4 ), and DNA fingerprinting has provided evidence of transmission between family members (5 – 9 ).
The diffuse spread of the virus in avian species and some transmission to humans and other mammals has provided numerous opportunities for a pandemic virus to appear; however, a strain easily transmittable from person to person has not yet emerged.
Whole-genome sequencing of outbreak isolates has provided evidence of patient-to-patient transmission of M. abscessus complex; this transmission is most likely indirect rather than direct (30 ).
According to the report, "Epidemic of Fear": "This study shows how extraordinarily persistent discrimination remains in this country, even after science has provided there is no risk of casual transmission".
The Global Fund has provided 1.5 million HIV-positive pregnant women with treatment that has prevented HIV transmission to infants.
Advances in research on HIV transmission also have provided highly reliable methods for determining if someone is at risk of recent infection based on their behaviors, not sexual orientation.
Geographically, high HIV infection has been associated with close proximity to major transportation networks which have provided transmission arteries for HIV within and across countries, and to urban and trading centers and transport networks linking them [ 3, 6, 34].
