The phloem is a complex tissue composed of multiple cell types that have specific functions in translocation, structure and defense.
We thus suggest that Afp/PVC-like elements could be classified as phage-like-protein-translocation structures (PLTSs) rather than as pyocins.
In this study, we show that gene clusters homologous to Afp/PVC (hereafter called PLTS, phage-like-protein-translocation structure) are conserved in sequence and gene order within the genomic context of phylogenetically distinct Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacterial and in archaeal genomes.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03406.005 Notably, these results have implications for the intrinsic step size during translocation: crystal structures (Jenner et al., 2010) show that the distance between A- and P-site mRNA codons equals 1.48 nm.
Given the accumulating evidence that GST-C is the domain responsible for cell translocation, the structure of the GSTM2 C-terminus was further shortened and these constructs examined for their cell translocation efficiency.
Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., changes in number and translocations of structures) could all cause genetic diseases and cancers.
As a result of this particular chromosome translocation, the structure of the C-terminal portion of EWS-Oct-4B is more similar to the human Oct-4B isoform than to Oct-4A.
Sequence data and other characters from mitochondrial genomes (gene translocations, secondary structure of RNA molecules) are useful in phylogenetic studies among metazoan animals from population to phylum level.
Activation of VOCC channels as a result of bpAPs or membrane depolarization lead to an increase in [Ca2+]i in dendritic spines (Bloodgood & Sabatini, 2007) and in theory should result in hippocalcin translocation to these structures.
As Orai1 is known to colocalize with the ER Ca2+ sensor, STIM1, at ER PM junctions and requires STIM1 translocation into punctate structures to be activated, we also checked for STIM1 expression during steroid deprivation.
