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We interpreted these data as a form of 'slipstream' translocation: downstream proteins, without signals, were translocated through a translocon pore already formed by the signal sequence at the N-terminus of the polyprotein.
However, simulations of unfolding induced by the AFM and when a protein is translocated through a pore suggest that each process occurs by distinct pathways.
In bacteria, a majority of secretory preproteins are translocated through a general secretion (Sec) pathway that contains a Sec translocase complex comprising the integral membrane channel, SecYEG, and the cytosolic ATPase motor protein, SecA.
Alternatively, we considered the possibility that IL-1β may be translocated through a membrane into the lumen of the phagophore envelope and be sequestered from the cytoplasm even before the mature autophagosome is sealed.
Most of the bacterial proteins which cross the cytoplasmic membrane are translocated through a heterotrimeric SecYEG complex (Breyton et al., 2002; van den Berg et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2005; Driessen & Nouwen, 2007; Rapoport, 2007).
According to Claros et al., 1997; Nakai and Kanehisa, 1992 [ 5], biological implication is the merit of such predictors because newly synthesized proteins are governed by an intrinsic signal sequence to their destination, whether they are to be translocated through a membrane into a particular organelle, or to become integrated into the membrane [ 6].
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One model is that DNA is translocated through an aqueous membrane pore (Wu and Errington, 1997; Fiche et al., 2013).
How a polymer chain translocates through a cylindrical pore with its pore size smaller than the chain size (ultrafiltration behavior) is a fundamental question in polymer physics.
We studied translocations of PS microspheres through amine-functionalized solid-state nanopores by varying the solution pH with 0.02 M KCl. Figure 9a c shows the representative events of PS microspheres translocating through a coated pore at pH 5.4, 7.0, and 10.0.
These toxin complexes are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and LF is delivered to the cytosol after translocating through a membrane-spanning pore formed by the heptamer [5], [6].
The gating charges translocate through a physical pathway in the VSD to open or close the channel.
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