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The 6-carbon sugar glucose, a product of photosynthesis, is mostly translocated in the form of sucrose (a 12-carbon sugar) to nourish nonphotosynthesizing parts of the plant, or it may be polymerized into starch for storage.
In the lignin biosynthesis pathway, lignin monomers like coumaryl, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol are translocated in the form of glucosides from cytosol to cell wall.
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Sucrose is the predominant form of translocated carbohydrate within plants [45] and can represent over 95% of the dry weight of material translocated in the sieve tubes of the phloem [41].
MLL, another H3K4 methyltransferase, is frequently translocated in various forms of leukaemia [ 8] and the polycomb protein EZH2, a H3K27 specific histone methyl-transferase, is altered in multiple types of cancer [ 9].
They are processed and translocated into the cytoplasm in the form of double-stranded stem-loop structures known as precursor microRNAs (pre-miRs) with the involvement of multiple nucleases including the Drosha, Dicer and Argonaut families (Fig. 2).
Chaperone proteins are required to avoid premature oligomerization of the needle complex subunit or translocators, and to maintain effectors in a form ready to be translocated in the T3SS system.
ABC transporters require energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to translocate substrates across cell membranes.
In a previous study, oxidative stress in the form of the superoxide producer juglone had been shown to cause DAF-16 to translocate to nucleus in fed L2 larvae [ 4].
Encoded by the nuclear genome, PC is translocated in its apo-form into the chloroplast and the lumen of thylakoids where it is processed to its mature form and acquires Cu.
We determined the form of the chromosomes 16 and 8 (normal or translocated) present, by PCR for these three strains.
The contents of some islands are translocated in PA7, notably the pKLC102-like island in RGP7.
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