As determined previously (17) at pH 7.6, a translocated charge of 6% of the total charge translocated by wild-type LacY was assigned to this step.
SifA is a key effector protein translocated by a type III secretion system and involved in formation of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), extensive tubular endosomal compartments.
DNA is translocated by a powerful virally encoded molecular motor called terminase, which comprises large (gp2, 499 residues) and small (gp3, 162 residues) subunits.
However, no superparamagnetic signal was detected in the aerial part which indicated that magnetite nanoparticles were not translocated by vascular tissues in wheat plants in the experimental conditions of this study.
A recent study showed that two proteins, VceA and VceC, were translocated by T4SS into macrophage[40].
This mutant was used to confirm that the V, which we observed intracellularly by microscopy, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry, was translocated by a T3SS-independent mechanism.
This observation suggests that peptidoglycan alteration by HpPdgA could affect the composition of substrates translocated by the cag secretion system [7].
The calmodulin-dependent Cya protein is not secreted or translocated by the T3SS, [32], and is inactive inside the bacterial cytosol due to the absence of calmodulin.
Although a matter of controversy, the SpiC protein was also reported as being translocated by the SPI-2 T3SS, and to interfere with endosomal trafficking [46].
These commonly expressed genes included those for type III secretion systems and effectors translocated by them, as well as genes involved in the degradation of plant polymers.
It is now well established that regions responsible for secretion/translocation and chaperone binding in T3SS effectors are located to the N-terminus, but often share no sequence similarity, even for effector proteins translocated by the same T3SS [24].
