The conventional view of what this involves proposes that the translator or translators study the words on one page in one language and then render them into another language on another page.
The article describes translational stylistics, a form of descriptive translation studies designed to raise and answer questions about why a translator or group of translators makes certain patterned choices in translations of one or more texts.
Those transcripts not in English were translated independently into English by two translators, either study researchers or linguistics experts from a local academic institution.
First and foremost, the Chinese translators who studied in a certain country or were proficient in a certain language often adopted one of the different connotations and definitions of ethnology in the West, especially in the US, the UK and continental Europe.
As her English improves, she hopes to get a job as a translator and eventually study to be a laboratory technician.
The experienced translators also translated all other study materials (introduction letter, confidentiality statement, etc).
The second woman was Jane Grigson, a modest, amiable translator who had studied at Cambridge and, with her husband, the poet Geoffrey Grigson, spent her summers in a village in the Loire Valley.
Social psychologist Alan Fridlund at UC in Santa Barbara, says the researchers' level of immersion in the Trobrianders' culture gives them a unique perspective on threat displays, and not relying on translators improves the study's accuracy.
The questionnaire was translated into Nepalese and back translated into English by an independent translator and a pilot study was conducted to identify issues of logistics and understanding.
An independent translator, unaffiliated with the study, translated the initial questionnaire constructed in English into the Korean version, and this version was then back-translated into English by the second author and an independent translator unaffiliated with the study.
