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She sends tribes election materials by mail, and the tribes send handwritten translations back.
Translation coordinators oversaw site-specific translations, back translations and pilot interviews of all SEYLE materials.
Cross-cultural adaptation was performed in several steps including translations, synthesis of translations, back translations, expert committee review and pre-testing.
Our translation methods were based on best practices and included two independent forward translations, reconciliation of the forward translations, expert panel discussions, two independent back translations, reconciliation of the back translations, back translation review, and cognitive debriefing.
The Spanish and Catalan versions of EQ-5D-Y were produced following EuroQol Group guidelines [ 13– 15], which require two independent forward translations, back translation, and cognitive debriefing in 8 members of the target population.
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Here is how the protagonist of "The Catcher in the Rye" sounds in the original and the two translations — back-translated, of course, into English, which inevitably introduces its own distortions.
The translation is then given to a native English-speaking translator for translation back into English.
Following back translation, back translators were given access to the original English items to comment on the initial forward translation.
3. The harmonized translation is then given to a native English-speaking translator for translation back into English.
As a result, all observed translations, back-translations, and cognitive debriefing results refer exclusively to one consistent part of speech.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com