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They belong to the subcategories ribosome biogenesis, translation, translational control and translational initiation.
A leaky ribosome scanning mechanism was initially proposed to give rise to translational initiation at alternate AUG codons [ 6].
mTOR promotes translational initiation by phosphorylating S6K, which stimulates the translation of ribosomal proteins, and by phosphorylating 4E-BP1.
Activation of AMPK also directly limits translational initiation and protein synthesis through inhibition of translation elongation factor 2 (EF2) [ 46].
Translation from IRES of dicistroviruses does not require any translational initiation factors [70], [71].
These findings indicated that miR-24 contributed to lowering the translation rate of p16, and suggested that a reduction in translational initiation also contributed to this inhibitory effect.
In addition, the yeast lysates mediated translational initiation through several viral internal ribosome entry sites, demonstrating that the yeast translation apparatus can perform internal initiation.
Implications for cap-dependent and cap-independent translational initiation.
Many of these mechanisms target mRNA-binding proteins and ribosomal subunits to regulate translational initiation.
Differential translational initiation of lbp mRNA is caused by a 5' upstream open reading frame.
Yet the less versatile bacterial regulators of translational initiation are substantially easier to engineer.
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