Besides regulation at the transcriptional level, additional mechanisms might contribute to the target gene specificity of AP-1, including mRNA translation and turnover, post-translational modifications, selective dimerization, protein stability, and interactions with other regulatory proteins and transcription factors (Chinenov and Kerppola, 2001; Schonthaler et al., 2011).
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of mRNA translation and turnover.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs of approximately 23 nucleotides that regulate the cellular transcriptome by binding to target mRNAs in a sequence-restricted manner, thereby modulating target transcript translation and turnover.
Genes involved in translation, protein turnover and cellular trafficking, transcription, and signaling demonstrate non-random changes (Fig. 7).
The TSC-Rheb-TOR pathway is a critical determinant of growth during development, regulating a number of cellular functions including translation, mRNA turnover, protein stability, and actin organization [6].
Hfq also affected the translation and turnover rates of specific transcripts, which contributes to complex post-transcriptional networks [ 31, 43].
The majority of the most widely distributed genes is related to RNA processing, translation, protein turnover and protein folding.
Meanwhile, the hnRNPs interacting with RNA take part in every step of RNA metabolism including mRNA splicing, capping and polyadenylation, trafficking, translation, and turnover [ 15, 46– 46].
E. coli DsrA is a small regulatory RNA that acts by RNA-RNA interactions to control translation and turnover of specific mRNAs [ 25].
This includes transcription of its subunits, mRNA translation and turnover, protein stability and activity, subcellular localization, and interaction with other transcription factors and cofactors (Schonthaler et al., 2011).
