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This version was then translated and back-translated in local languages using translation protocols from both the WHS and INDEPTH HDSS sites.
In an attempt to compare the datasets and assess their strengths and weaknesses we harmonized the thematic legends of four available coarse-resolution global land cover maps (IGBP DISCover, UMD, MODIS 1-km, and GLC2000) using the LCCS-based land cover legend translation protocols.
This and the questionnaire for other HCPs (when necessary) were translated into the local language(s) by the local investigators according to LTB's translation protocols [6].
Translation of the SF-36 into German and French was done according to the Translation Protocols of the International Quality of Life Assessment Group [ 39, 40].
The EHIS questions were implemented either as one specific survey or as elements of existing national surveys, following Eurostat translation protocols from the original English questionnaire.
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The translation protocol used to translate the FSDC is based on methodology that has been previously published [ 16, 17] and applied to obtain Canadian French versions of evaluation instruments [ 18].
This was translated according to LTB's translation protocol [31] from English into three local languages: Bemba and Nyanja for Lusaka Province, and Tonga for the Southern Province.
For testing in Arabic-speaking patients in Saudi Arabia, HURT was translated according to LTB's translation protocol for hybrid documents [28].
The questionnaire was translated according to LTB's translation protocol for lay documents [25] from English into three local languages: Bemba and Nyanja for Lusaka Province, and Tonga for the Southern Province.
We used a culturally modified version of the structured Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire [2], translated according to LTB's translation protocol for lay documents [24] into two local languages: Oromo for the Oromia Region and Amharic for the remaining three Regions.
We used a culturally modified version of the structured Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire [15], translated according to LTB's translation protocol for lay documents [25] into Oromo for the Oromia Region and Amharic for the other three Regions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com