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Afterwards, we calculated the word error rate (WER) and Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) [33] to evaluate the machine translation output.
In this article, Translation Commentary refers to an English composition written by a learner of both English and translation, submitted together with his or her translation output.
Secondary structure in the 5′ UTRs including G4 motifs has been shown to require eIF4A for optimal translation output (Wolfe et al., 2014).
As defined in Eq. (24), the maximum specific translation output activity for a ribosome, Tmax, defines a genome-specific property as suggested by Dethlefsen and Schmidt [ 11].
The rate of the translation output would be expected to vary as a function of the degree of match of the aa~tRNAaa composition and abundance with the relative codon frequency of the transcript.
It follows that a translation output T a, from any gene a per unit total RNA results from translation activity by the subset of the ribosomes translating the message from gene a.
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While "fitting the approved categories for women – elegy, encomium and translation", her output also challenged and expanded them.
We demonstrate that these experience-guided lateral interactions robustly organise input representations into perceptual cycles, allowing feed-forward connections trained with spike-timing-dependent plasticity to form independent, translation-invariant output representations.
These items were analyzed separately from the translation items because output representation was not a relevant predictor of performance for these items.
The mechanism employs two piezoelectric actuators, with output translation and rotation proportional to the difference and sum of the input displacements.
We analyzed student performance on the translation items including output representation (i.e., graph or equation) as a within-participants predictor variable because we expected that students might differ in their abilities to generate graphs vs. equations, both before and after the lessons.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com