We followed the recommended guidelines for the process of translation of self-report measures by Beaton et al [ 7] to translate IKHOAM into the Hausa language.
Currently, there is no standardized translation of self-reported unmet healthcare needs questions in either Chinese or Punjabi.
Cultural competency training was delivered by a psychiatrist with special interests in translation of guided self help materials for people of South Asian origin.
The translational movements described earlier can be used in these various phases of bringing about translation; sets of self-reflexive, justified substantive conditions for translational movements can be coordinated for realising normatively valid translational ethics.
The translation of negative self-perceptions faced several challenges.
The Dutch translation of the self-reported SDQ is validated [ 17].
The Spanish translation of the Self-rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS- SR30) [ 14] was obtained from the authors and available on the website http://www.ids-qids.org.org
Mental health problems were defined as a score in the clinical range of the Dutch translation of the self-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [ 16].
Information about HRQL was obtained with a validated Italian translation of the self-administered SF-36 (IQOLA SF-36 Italian Version 1.6) [ 25].
In the current study the Dutch translation of the self-report (SR) version was used to assess current depressive symptoms of the parents The Beck Anxiety Inventory BAI; [ 45] is a 21-item self-report instrument that assesses the overall severity of anxiety in adults.
No major change was made in the questionnaire's format, the content of the items or the wording, but the French translation of the self-image's domain response set ('strongly disagree'somewhathat disagree'do'don't agree or disagree'somewhathagreeree'; and 'strongly agree') was modified to improve children's comprehension.
