Sentence examples for translation items from inspiring English sources
Eight of the items at each test were translation items, which required students to translate between different representations of mathematical information (see Additional file 1: Appendix A).
Fig. 2 Average unadjusted gains in proportion correct on translation items from pretest to posttest, as a function of condition.
These items were analyzed separately from the translation items because output representation was not a relevant predictor of performance for these items.
The pretest included two items to assess encoding of equations, two items to assess encoding of graphs, and 10 problem-solving items (8 translation items and 2 conceptual knowledge items) .
In addition to the eight translation items, there were two additional items at each test that were intended to tap students' more general, conceptual understanding of slope and intercept and how they are represented in equations and graphs.
We analyzed student performance on the translation items including output representation (i.e., graph or equation) as a within-participants predictor variable because we expected that students might differ in their abilities to generate graphs vs. equations, both before and after the lessons.
All participants in the meeting were asked to review the three translated versions and agree on the final translation item by item.
They carefully and systematically reviewed the quality of the translation item-by-item, comparing the original and the translated versions.
During reconciliation of forward translation, item 3 and 4 that described on post-prandial fullness did not achieve an agreement between translators on the appropriate local term for "fullness".
After independent translation was complete, they compared the translations item-by-item, and agreed upon the best translation.
The semantic equivalent of each backward-translation item was classified according to the following scale: (a) Satisfactory agreement; (b) Almost satisfactory agreement but one or two words uncertain; (c) Doubtful translation.
