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Being different from the traditional FEM, constraints on translation freedom along vertical direction should not be added in BCDA.
Open image in new window Figure 12 Compliance ratios associating with the rotational freedom Open image in new window Figure 13 Compliance ratios associating with the translation freedom.
On the contrary, the compliance ratio c44/c55 rises when the distance a increases, and the compliance ratios c44/c66 is independent of the parameter a. Open image in new window Figure 14 Compliance ratios associating with the rotational freedom Open image in new window Figure 15 Compliance ratios associating with the translation freedom.
Craniodental FE models in the current literature are mainly built from four-noded tetrahedral elements; these constant stress elements have three degrees of translation freedom per node.
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Compared with the literature, this innovative piezoelectric actuator design easily and rapidly achieves one degree-of-freedom translation and one degree-of-freedom rotation.
If they are not, the rotational degree of freedoms need to be cooled in addition to the translation degrees of freedom [69, 70].
The concrete slab, steel plates and steel decking were modelled with three-dimensional solid linear tetrahedral elements with three translation degrees of freedom per node.
The element is defined by eight nodes having three translation degrees of freedom at each node in the x, y and z directions as shown in Fig. 11.
A single fibre is conceived here as a chain of segments, thus enabling the model fibre to have all the degrees of freedom (translation, rotation, bending and twisting) needed to realistically reproduce the dynamics of real fibres.
Brain images were first roughly aligned to the reference using a linear registration with 9 degrees of freedom (translation, rotation and scaling in 3 dimensions), followed by a nonrigid registration.
There are three degrees of freedom (translations in x, y, and z directions) at each node.
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