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The translation is then given to a native English-speaking translator for translation back into English.
Following back translation, back translators were given access to the original English items to comment on the initial forward translation.
3. The harmonized translation is then given to a native English-speaking translator for translation back into English.
Translation back to English was undertaken by different translators to verify the content and to ensure that the concepts of the questions had not changed.
Then copy and paste Google's translation back into Google's language tools and translate that into another language: in our example, German to Portuguese.
This version was not validated but was professionally translated into Arabic based on a five-step process of forward translation, back translation, resolution of discrepancies between translation and back translation, pilot testing, and final revision[ 14].
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The process included two independent forward translations of the original PHQ-9 into Thai, consensus between translators on a forward translation, back-translation by a bilingual English teacher, and a review of the back-translation.
28 This Spanish version of the MMSE has met standard criteria for development of translated tests, including formal translation, back-translation, and consensus by committee for final item content.
The TOSCA was translated into Swedish, using a bilingual committee and a translation back-translation procedure [ 46].
In order to assess the quality of the translation, back-translation into English was performed by a professional translator.
We have described elsewhere the initial development, translation, back-translation, discussion, and specialty-specific adaption of the instruments [12] [14].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com