However, in other publications on translation and validity studies sample sizes varied distinctly [ 19, 41- 43].
The complications related to translation, back translation, and validity of study instruments used in multiple languages are well known [ 43- 45].
Translation of transcripts to a language common to the whole research team is time consuming and expensive; meaning can easily be lost in translation; and validity of the data may be compromised in this process.
Exons were evaluated for reading frame and translations, and validity of exon mutations was judged based on presence in de novo sequence, effect on the resulting polypeptide sequence, and sequence coverage depth.
These were item generation, questionnaire construction and face validity, derivation and reliability study (reduction, consistency, test retest reliability), content validity, translation and a validation study of the final instrument (consistency, concurrent validity).
Upon conclusion of translation, cultural adaptation, and validity and reliability analyses, the Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument, named the Health Service Quality Scale/Escola Paulista de Medicina (HSQS/EPM), was created (see Additional file 2: Appendix 2).
However, we used rigorous methods to verify the accuracy of translations, and content validity indexing to confirm the applicability of concepts across cultures and languages.
When an instrument is translated from one language into another, it is fundamental to the quality of translation and thus the validity and reliability that certain steps are being followed [ 31, 32].
Nevertheless, bias may have resulted from the process of adaptation and translation, and data on validity and reliability of this measure in this population is not known; more work is required.
In this study, we went beyond a simple translation and examined the validity (including reliability) evidence of the Japanese version of SPRAT as part of the Improvement of NICU Practice and Team-Approach Cluster randomised controlled trial (INTACT).
This study describes the development of a translation, cultural adaptation, reliability and validity study of the Italian version of PTOPS.
