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Back-translation of all 27 Japanese items (including optional translation alternatives) into English was conducted by two native British translators, fluent in Japanese.
An Item Definition Table describing the concepts being measured along with translation alternatives is also developed as part of the measure development process, as recommended by Herdman and colleagues [14] for achieving semantic equivalence.
An English-to-English synchronous context-free grammar is derived from a baseline MT system to capture translation alternatives: pairs of words, phrases or other sentence fragments that potentially compete to be the translation of the same source-language fragment.
This process refers to an in-depth interview of patients about their understanding of the questionnaire with the purpose of revealing inappropriate items and translation alternatives.
As part of the cultural adaptation process, in-depth interviews were implemented about the respondents understanding of the questionnaire with the purpose of revealing inappropriately interpreted items and translation alternatives.
For the translation into English (L1 L2), the test involved different stimuli in Dutch and Korean, with different sets of translation alternatives into English (e.g., the Korean word for grape can also mean sidewalk or pavement, which is not the case for the Dutch translation of grape).
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At the molecular level, this dynamic epigenetic modification has been demonstrated to regulate RNA stability, translation, alternative splicing, and nuclear export11,12,13,14.
Beyond regulating transcription, YB-1 also promotes translation, alternative splicing, RNA transport and DNA repair [ 17, 18, 50- 52].
Hormonal change was translated into downregulation of a series of other transcripts with broad influence on gene expression, protein translation, alternative histone marking by methylation and alternative splicing.
Since 3' UTRs may host important regulatory elements – for instance affecting stability, localization or translation – alternative polyadenylation may strongly affect the fate of mRNA and therefore gene function.
In addition, NHK also broadcast the news briefings of the Tokyo Electric Power Company TEPCOO) and the press conferences of the Prime Minister with simultaneous English translation using alternative audio.
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