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Forward and back translation were performed as a standard part of translating surveys.
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Consequently, we decided to translate the original survey again by following AHRQ guidelines for translating survey on patient safety culture [ 18].
They acknowledge the potential pitfalls of translating survey results into 'real life'; however, my own experience of the diversities within UK practice suggest this would be representative of at least one other industrialized country, albeit with some variation in the detail (for example, use of gelatin as a plasma expander is much commoner in Europe).
Research staff verbally translated surveys and informed consent into eleven local languages for women, as necessary.
Interview teams assigned to census blocks with large Hispanic populations included a Spanish speaker, and a translated survey instrument was available.
The translated survey was also able to distinguish between known groups.
The translated survey distributed to the practitioners is given in Additional file 1.
The items of the translated survey were categorized under 10 factors.
The translated survey instrument was then administered by trained psychiatric nurses for each selected child or adolescent aged 3 19 years.
21 This may be because practitioners find it difficult to translate survey results into a change in their practice or the way a service is delivered.
The translated survey instrument were then administered by trained psychiatric nurses for each selected child aged 10 19 years or their mothers or caregiver (for those aged less than 10 years or not capable of responding verbally).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com