The CPSS was translated and back translated using recommended translation procedures.
"For the most part, physicians are fairly risk-averse, and there has been a slow adoption time," said Dr. David Grayzel, the chief executive of Catalyst Medical Solutions, which makes a note-writing system for doctors that translates procedures into billing language and makes the notes ready for review in an academic setting.
For this study we thus used translation-back-translation procedures [ 19] to translate into French both the CM (M.R., co-author) and the RAS (P.C., co-author) and to explore possible convergent validity between the measures of citizenship and recovery.
The translation was performed in accordance with internationally acknowledged translation procedures [ 25, 26] as well as specific procedures suggested for translating written and spoken material into sign language [ 11, 22, 27].
As the study was conducted in China, we followed the back-translation procedure to translate the scales from English into Chinese.
Questionnaires that had not yet been translated were translated using a forward-backward translation procedure [ 37].
They were fully informed about the objectives of the whole translation procedure, and forward translated all the questionnaire items, not word-for-word but with emphasis on the meaning of each item.
A standard translation procedure was used to translate and adapt the questionnaire into the Malay language.
Potential topics for investigation in this area include translating ethical procedures to local environments, informed consent, and privacy and confidentiality.
Translating estimation procedures into computer codes involves: 1) understanding the fundamental iteration rule for Newton Raphson algorithm, and 2) separating the functionality of estimation procedures into independent, interchangeable modules.
