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The cultural adaptation process entails not only translating, but also adapting the scale for use in a cultural setting different from the one where the original study was conducted, thus reducing the possibility that the survey respondents will misinterpret the intended meaning of each of the instrument's items.
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Partly because it's not so much translated, but also because I've always been drawn to America for fiction.
A translated (but also updated) version of a book first published in French in 2008, it takes a longer historical sweep.
When he crossed the straits into Spain, on Aug. 14, 755, he had earned the Arabic sobriquet "al-Dakhil"; the term means not merely "immigrant," as usually translated, but also "a guest among strangers" — in effect, an alien.
This process, however, might also enhance the antigen presentation of peptides derived from secretory granule cargoes, which in infected cells are still being translated but also massively degraded [ 63].
The aim was to produce not only a Dutch version that is linguistically well translated, but also one that is culturally adapted to maintain the validity of the instrument at a conceptual level across the two countries [ 12].
Because of linguistic difference and cross-cultural issues, OHRQoL instruments must not only be translated but also validated in the target population prior to cross-cultural and cross-national adaptation [ 27- 30].
16 EFAR-Spain is based on the EFAR-FVG study, but has the following differences: (1) participation is open to doctors as well as nurses; (2) primary healthcare centres are constituted by a team of different professionals (nursing, medicine, social work, administration, etc); and (3) the website has not only been translated but also adapted to Spanish culture.
Not only do they need to translate words but also transfer a culture.
This includes the ability to appropriately translate material but also address the frequent relocation of parents and children within certain locations in trying to give a consistent message.
It is well recognized that if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be well translated linguistically, but also adapted culturally in order to maintain the content validity of the instrument across different cultures [ 12].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com