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The questionnaire was originally written in Hebrew, and then translated linguistically and culturally by two independent translators to Arabic, using back translation and pretest, according to recommendations for linguistic and cultural translation [15].The language of the questionnaire handed out was according to the students' mother tongue.
This idea of treating tree branches as conjectural hypotheses is something that cladists enthusiastically introduced into phylogeny when Hennig's systematics was translated linguistically and conceptually into a broader sphere of phylogenetic systematics.
It is well recognized that if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be well translated linguistically, but also adapted culturally in order to maintain the content validity of the instrument across different cultures [ 12].
This is where we propose that this formative evaluation will add value to the currently available literature by focusing on the processes by which the vision and objectives of integrated care are translated linguistically, and in practice, through phases of development, implementation and delivery from a central to a local perspective, and from a strategic to an operational perspective.
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The original generic version of this instrument has been translated and linguistically validated in French by Mapi Research Institute.
We have recently translated and linguistically validated a Danish language version of the full PRO-CTCAE library [16].
All the above instruments have been translated and linguistically validated according to international guidelines [ 8].
The questionnaire was translated and linguistically validated in all languages relevant to the study.
The MLHFQ had previously been translated and linguistically validated for use in France and Germany.
The selected instruments are the sole translated and linguistically validated in more than two European languages.
All instruments have been translated and linguistically validated according to international guidelines [ 47].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com