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Interview questions were translated into Portuguese by professional translators and translated back into German by the accompanying translators.
The resulting common forward translation was translated back into English by two independent, professional translators whose native language was English.
A second translator then translated back into English to ensure accuracy.
The resulting forward translation was subsequently translated back into English by each of two native English speakers.
Interview questions were identical in both samples and professional translations of structured questions had been translated back into German by the respective translators.
KDQOL-SFTM version 1.3 was translated into Arabic by two independent translators, and then subsequently translated back into English.
Tamil versions were then translated back into English by translators, who were blind to the original version.
Briefly, the instruments were translated independently into Chinese by two professional translators (native Chinese speakers) and translated back into English by two English native speakers (bilingual in Chinese).
The Chinese version of the scale was translated back into English to prevent translation errors.
The questionnaires were translated from English to Vietnamese and Indonesian, and then translated back into English by other translators.
Stage 2. The initial consensus Portuguese version was translated back into English by two bilingual translators.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com