As the study was conducted in China, we followed the back-translation procedure to translate the scales from English into Chinese.
The authors are conscious of this limitation and suggest future studies could translate the scales validated in this study using the common local languages in Ghana such as Twi, Ga and Ewe.
The first author (SY) produced a Chinese language version (standard Mandarin) and back translated the scale.
Two independent researchers translated the scales for anxiety, hopelessness, optimism, life satisfaction, happiness and self-efficacy into Dutch; subsequently, they discussed and solved any translation disagreements.
In Phase 1, four married couples of British and Japanese origin were separately asked to translate the original scale into Japanese with each couple among themselves discussing the conceptual, semantic and content equivalence between the original and their translation.
A scenario downscaling process was used to translate the coarse-scale scenario data to finer geographic scales while maintaining consistency with the original dataset and local data [37].
A scenario downscaling process was used to translate the coarse-scale scenario data to finer geographic scales while maintaining consistency with the original dataset and local data [ 37].
So, the BN computation provides the correct LR value for E with respect to H. To translate the verbal scales used in the case documentation to numerical probabilities, the translation table presented by Morgan (2009) was used.
A qualitative land suitability classification procedure is adapted to translate the large-scale biophysical data supplied by a reconnaissance soil survey, into five suitability classes.
Two professional translators independently translated the original scale once.
