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In order to translate observations from animal models into human pathogenesis, we had previously studied peripheral and intrahepatic monocytes and macrophages from CLD patients and were able to demonstrate that monocytes, especially the non-classical CD14+CD16+ subset, significantly increase with disease progression [ 27].
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The complexity of translating observations to clinical applications has progressively increased throughout the centuries due to ethical and practical concerns.
With this study we translated observations made in animals to a clinical scenario.
In essence, the weights in the lens component of this system are one way to operationalise a changing 'internal model' (i.e. a mental model or implicit theory of action) that translates observations into expectations and/or that translates errors into action.
He says Young's real skill was to translate his observations and theories into projects: founding the Open University, the Consumers Associationn and laying the grounds for NHS Direct.
Additional work is necessary to translate these observations in vivo.
Hurdles are so daunting that there is concern as to why anyone would attempt to translate basic observations into practical solutions; which in turn raises the question of why funding agencies should fund basic studies in the first place.
With this combination of skills in hand, an aspiring scientist can identify novel patterns in nature that challenge current dogma and employ creative experimental designs to translate such observations into new insights for the advancement of science.
These comparisons also provide a snapshot of the potential to translate molecular observations from mice to humans.
Caution is therefore warranted to directly translate mechanistic observations in the physiology to an application in pathology, where the adaptive UPR may have turned maladaptive.
Furthermore, we also need to be very cautious when we try to translate these observations in animal studies to the clinical setting.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com