Remarkably, the transition between inward- and outward-facing conformations in nanodiscs shows a more stringent dependence on the presence of substrate.
The transition between inward and outward propagating waves is marked by the curve c1 - c3 = 0 [ 43- 45] where the region c1 - c3 >0 corresponds to inward propagating waves in Eq. 1.
A subset of the spin label pairs was designed to be structurally similar to MsbA pairs previously demonstrated to 'fingerprint' the transition between inward- and outward-facing conformations (Borbat et al., 2007; Zou et al., 2009).
The transition between inward- and outward-facing conformations has been proposed to be achieved by a rigid-body movement of the transport domain across TM6 (Johnson et al., 2012 ).
Thus, for ε ≤ 0.1 the transition to inward propagating waves occurs in the non-oscillatory regime where wave behavior (shaded area) is suppressed in favor of stationary Turing patterns.
In this manner, the clustering analysis establishes quantitatively the coupling between the PIP2-mediated N-term/ICL4 association and the structural hallmarks related to the inward-opening transition in the hDAT.
In the transition from inward-open to outward-open, the ion-binding site moves towards the extracellular side by about 5 Å.> -wrap-foot> 10.7554/eLiFigure83.018 Figure 6.
Membrane proteins interspersed in the lipid bilayer undergo transitions between inward-open and outward-open conformational states, which affect the free energy landscape associated with substrate binding and unbinding and ultimately results in transport of the substrate.
More importantly, while conformational changes in MsbA are induced by the binding of AMP-PNP, the inward- to outward-facing transition in BmrCD requires ATP hydrolysis revealing a distinct power stroke between homodimers and heterodimers.
Real metal surfaces are not simply ideally truncated crystals; experimental studies have demonstrated that the surface layer of many clean transition metals relaxes inward [20], while expansion of the top layer has been found for some surfaces of noble metals [21], including the {111} facets of gold.
Furthermore, residue W84 in hDAT is analogous to residue W33 in MhsT, the LeuT-fold Na+/hydantoin transporter, where it has been suggested to be mechanistically important for enhancing the transitioning to the inward-facing conformation.
