In fact, they were even more divergent than would be expected by chance alone: the proportion of transitional differences significantly exceeded 50% (Table 5).
Overall, the transitional differences are 1.41 times more frequent than transversional differences in 5'UTRs (Table 2).
Overall, the transitional differences were more frequent than transversional differences in 5′UTRs and 3′ UTRs (Table 4).
Overall, the transitional differences are more frequent than transversional differences in 5'UTRs (1.47), CDS (2.94) and 3'UTRs (2.01) (Table 5).
This is consistent with the suggestion that, in the CpG sites, the predominant type of mutations is cytosine deamination, which results in transitional differences [ 36]. aUTRs: untranslated regions.
This is consistent with the suggestion that the predominant type of mutations in the CpG sites is cytosine deamination, which results in transitional differences [ 49].
In a similar way to YN's estimation of κ, we estimate four nucleotide frequencies (gT, gC, gA, gG), proportions of transitional differences between purines (TR) and between pyrimidines (TY), and the proportion of transversional differences (V) from compared sequences.
Similar to YN and MYN, we calculated four nucleotide frequencies (gT, gC, gA, gG), proportions of transitional differences between purines (TR), and between pyrimidines (TY), and the proportion of transversional differences (V) from compared sequences: (2) where gR = gA + gG and gY = gT + gC.
Studies of the transitional differences between HSBs and LSBs are central to current research on the evolution of DOL in social insects (Page and Fondrk 1995; Pankiw and Page 1999, 2000, 2001; Page et al. 2000, 2006; Amdam et al. 2004, 2006, 2007).
The transitional and transversional differences, the Ts/Tv ratios were calculated by software developed based on the "K80" Kimura model [48].
