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miR-34a was identified as being significantly downregulated in hypoxic renal tubular epithelial cells, and hypoxia-mediated downregulation of miR-34a could promote renal tubular cell epithelial mesenchymal transition by modulating the Notch signaling pathway.
Further studies indicate that Pin1 also plays a critical role in other cell cycle transition points, notably the G1/S transition by modulating some key G1/S regulators such as cyclin D1 and its upstream regulators [ 34- 37], as well as cell cycle checkpoint regulation induced by inhibiting DNA synthesis [ 32] or damaging DNA [ 45- 47].
Together with previous findings showing that FUS3 controls the embryonic-to-vegetative phase transition by modulating the ABA/GA ratio, this highlights a pivotal role of FUS3 in controlling the timing of expression of embryonic and vegetative programs through hormonal regulation.
The mammalian SET protein can interact with B-type cyclins and has been shown to regulate the G2/M transition by modulating cyclin B-cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity [ 18].
Thus, WNK8 may act upstream of EDM2 in a regulatory module affecting the floral transition by modulating FLC transcript levels [ 2].
SET regulates the G2/M transition by modulating cyclin B-cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity [ 18].
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In contrast the E2F proteins are transcriptional activators or repressors that directly control the transition into S-phase by modulating gene expression.
It has been shown that ERBB2 regulates G1/S transition during cell cycle progression by modulating the activity of the Cyclin D, Cyclin E/CDK complex, the c-MYC oncogene, and the p27 kinase inhibitor [ 7, 14].
The aforementioned CSC features make these cells potential targets for cancer treatment by specific compounds that act by modulating mesenchymal-epithelial transition.
In this study, we found that knocking down CDK4 expression elevated the expression of tumor suppressor let-7c by modulating the G1/S transition cell signaling pathway, which in turn suppressed cell growth by through the p15/p16/CDK4/E2F1 pathway.
The lncRNA MALAT-1 expression was markedly increased in primary bladder tumors that subsequently showed evidence of metastasis, and its overexpression could promote bladder cancer cells invasion by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT -associated ZEMT -associated and E-cadherin levels or by activating Wnt signaling [ 35].
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