Asked about Mr. Samuelsen's accusations about the lights, a spokesman for New York City Transit declined to comment, saying the matter was under investigation.
Their designs pushed people into what sprawl gives rise to: the rise of private transit, the decline of public transit, socially and economically segregated landscapes, and unpleasant commutes.
In earlier decades, however, there was a general trend toward increased vehicle traffic while, for many years, transit ridership declined.
When the old economy, based on forest products and the transit trade, declined in the mid-19th century, these freedmen remained impoverished.
With the Russian border closed to eastern trade, the port's transit role declined, but its agricultural and timber exports became the core of the national economy.
Beyond saying that they would appeal the case, transit officials declined to comment yesterday on the ruling or Justice Lippmann's criticism.
The transit agency declined to comment directly on the community's actions, but Paul Fleuranges, an agency spokesman, said, "We believe that people in Washington Heights can operate elevators on their own, as riders do at other stations throughout the system".
Where the automobile is a major competitor to mass transportation, the use of transit has declined, reducing revenues available to pay the costs of these systems and services, and in a setting where government subsidies are essential for sustaining mass transit political support has eroded as well.
For example, Cervero and Wachs [7] found that annual U.S. transit ridership declined by about 6%%, while average fares increased by 35%% between 1984 and 1987.
In his decision, which is an interim ruling, Adelman wrote that the economic impact statement "is likely deficient because it does not address the cumulative impact of continuing to expand highway capacity in the region while transit capacity declines".
