They are designed to provide control as well as to maintain solar radiation, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels in the aerial environment.
By contrast, these wavelengths constitute a significant part of the light spectrum in the aerial environment, especially under shade conditions within a canopy [53].
In the aboveground aerial environment, the Weather module defines the weather conditions above a canopy, and MicroWeather defines the vertical profiles of micro-meteorological variables in a canopy.
The optical requirements for aquatic vision are fundamentally different from those in air, because underwater light environments differ from aerial environments in spectral composition, luminance and turbidity [1], [2].
The invasion of land from the aquatic realm requires dramatic structural and physiological modifications to permit survival in a gravity-dominated, aerial environment.
The presence of the Lhcb3 and Lhcb6 protein families are limited to land plants and are postulated to play a role in the adaptation to aerial environments [ 45].
"Climate change, altered weather cycles and transformations in the environment are also having a big negative impact.
Microorganisms and their complex microbial communities are responsible for most of the biochemical transformations in the environment.
Following this sequence of events, the evolution of Lhcb6 (and Lhcb3) in organisms emerging from aquatic environments led to improved adaptation to the aerial environment by leading to NPQ in the form now found in seed plants.
This reaction is seen in the leaves of small seedlings and is successful in promoting survival if, as a result, the shoot regains contact with the aerial environment.
The new aerial environment also changed the perceived chemical signals from essentially hydrophilic (in aqueous solution) to mainly hydrophobic (in gaseous phase) molecules (Freitag et al. 1998).
