Our own studies of DUS, itself a sign of transformation, have shown that that the complex DUS-mediated control of transformation is not likely to have evolved for its ability to import completely novel sequences.
Further complicating the picture, previous studies of natural transformation have shown that contiguous runs of donor-specific variation ("donor segments") often are clustered into complex mosaic patterns, suggesting that long DNA molecules frequently are disrupted after uptake.
Other studies, however, have shown that transformation of Beas-2B cells by repeated passage in low levels of Cr VI) results in different phenotypes (Rodrigues et al., 2009).
Previous work has shown that transformation of salivary gland sporozoites is induced at 37°C in culture medium, irrespective of the presence of host cells [28].
More specifically, in addition to dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying mammary development and the initial steps of mammary neoplastic transformation, mouse models have shown that activation of a particular pathway is reflected in specific histologic patterns [ 6, 7].
Although it is not known whether the reduction in TPO expression due to c.2268dup can lead to increased risk of malignant transformation, other studies have shown that cases of thyroid carcinoma have developed from congenital goitres that are associated with TPO mutation 21 22 or with lower/absence of TPO expression.
In summary, using an in vitro model of keratinocyte transformation by HPV16, we have shown that during the course of transformation, cells develop increased sensitivity to stress, which correlates with higher activation of p53 and reductions in the activities of PKB/Akt, Erk, Jnk and p38 in HF1 cells.
Using high-density, whole-head magnetoencephalography recordings and surface Laplacian transformations, a number of studies have shown that the alpha and beta mu oscillations have their origin in sensorimotor cortex [ 107].
Studies have shown that transformation can be induced by increasing BM matrix stiffness [from 170 pascals (Pa) to 1200 Pa], without altering biochemical composition, and is regulated through integrin- and Rho-kinase-mediated signaling events.
Histological and morphometric studies have shown that the transformation of granulation tissue into scar tissue usually takes place within the first 2 months of injury [52], However, the duration of this process may vary depending on the amount of damaged tissue.
