Once the most relevant mixtures are identified, it is also possible to study the origins of those mixtures including transport and transformation of emissions from those sources to exposure environments where populations receive significant exposures.
Ambient NOx measurements are likely to be a poor reflection of roadway or in-cabin vehicle concentrations owing to the rapid transformation of emissions with distance from the roadway.
Some locations, because of their general climate and topographic setting, are predisposed to poor air quality because the climate is conducive to chemical reactions leading to the transformation of emissions, and the topography restricts the dispersion of pollutants (Kossmann and Sturman 2004; Rappengluck et al. 1999).
Addition of urea-based antifreeze admixtures during cement mixing in construction of buildings has led to increasing indoor air pollution due to continuous transformation and emission of urea to gaseous ammonia in indoor concrete wall.
In the northeastern US, ecosystem nutrient status varies across the landscape and changes with forest succession following disturbance, likely impacting soil microbial processes regulating the transformation and emission of carbon (C).
Variation in CAP composition is governed by the atmospheric transformation, transport of emissions from downwind power and industrial plants, vehicular emissions, domestic combustion activities, forest fires, and a range of natural sources.
Hydrogen and fuel cells are presented as the key technologies for the transformation of an emission-producing energy system relying on fossil energy sources towards a sustainable emission-free energy system based on renewable energy sources in Germany [20] as well as in Europe [53].
More generally, the analysis provides a framework for considering how near-term policy choices can affect long-term emission transformation pathways within integrated assessment models.
Temperature and ozone are highly correlated, partly because the formation of ozone is dependent on sunlight, which leads to increases in ambient temperatures, and partly because temperature determines transformations of primary emissions, formation of precursors to ozone formation, and their transport processes (Stockwell et al. 1997).
Analysts also said that a widespread switch of capital from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy was essential if the world was to have a chance of completing the transformation required to hit emissions pledges.
