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All transformants produced ethanol, but only the transformants which, in addition to thiolase and adh genes, expressed ctfA and ctfB genes, i.e. transformants harbouring pFC006 (thl p _ adh; ctfA; ctfB) or pFC007 (thl p _ adh; adc; ctfA; ctfB) plasmids, produced isopropanol (3 8 mM).
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Briefly, cDNA for seeding the amplifications were obtained by directly transferring into the reactions 5 μl of cDNA bacterial transformants, which were grown in 1.2 ml of 2X YT and 0.005% chloramphenicol in 96-deepwell plates for 24 hours at 37°C.
Thus, we did not screen for mutant strains with drastic defects of photosynthesis, but our screening procedure had to differentiate between oxygen-producing transformants and transformants which become anaerobic in the light.
There is considerable variation in the expression of transgenes in individual transformants, which is not due to differences in copy number [ 30].
The transformed cells grown in 10 ml of -Leu –Trp –His medium or - Leu –Trp galactose medium (for transformants which failed to grow in the former medium) for 3 to 4 hrs at 30°C were lysed and assayed for β-galactosidase activity.
The estimated vector copy number in transformants which are resistant to 1 mg mL-1 G418 was approximately 10.
Treatment of cells in liquid cultures consisted of generating freshly saturated overnight cultures of the different yeast transformants, which were then diluted in fresh, pre-warmed galactose-containing media, incubated for 4 h to induce GAL1 gene expression, and subsequently treated with the indicated concentrations of compound including cadmium, cycloheximide and rapamycin.
No hybridization was detected in the transformants, which ruled out the possibility of any bacterial contamination.
A maximum of up to 28.6 U mL−1 at 120 h after induction) was achieved in P. pastoris transformants which was ~17 folds higher than that of wild type G. stearothermophilus.
CRISPR systems were challenged by transformed plasmids carrying a protospacer sequence matching a specific CRISPR spacer and, in some surviving transformants which carried plasmids maintained under selection, the matching spacer had been specifically targeted by an IS element which destroyed the sequence match to the plasmid [ 46].
Furthermore, CGP only accumulated in one of the two transformants which displayed enzyme activity.
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