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Relative expression levels of genes which involved central carbon metabolism (pdc, ald, acs, acc) and hypocrellin biosynthesis (fad, mono, zftf, omef, msf, pks, mco) were all increased in three transformants compared with wild type strain.

Using the anti-FLAG antibody, clear expression of GR proteins was observed in pACT1-GR1, pand1-GR2 and pACT1-GR3 transformants compared with the control cells.

Furthermore, a stronger GFP signal was systematically observed in pABr1 transformants compared to transformants obtained with the pBGgHg vector utilized in previous studies (Grimaldi et al. [2005]).

Carotenoid production of the transformants was compared with that of E. coli transformant carrying plasmid pACCAR25Δ crtE and pBAA encoding mouse GGPP synthase (positive control) [ 16], and with transformant carrying plasmid pACCAR25Δ crtE and a pBluescript II KS- (pBS) vector (negative control).

When the rpoB sequences of Rif resistant transformants were compared with those of corresponding donor and recipient, we found that for ∼10% of the recombinant clones, the stretch of integrated DNA from the Rif resistant donor was interrupted by one or multiple short fragments where the sequence was identical to that of the recipient.

We saw large increases in saccharification yields in all transformants compared to the wild type of up to 49% and a wild type like growth phenotype for the lines complemented with the pVND7 IRX7 construct.

The transformant was compared with the untransformed control strain regarding respiration (SOUR) at both high oxygen concentration (starting at 100% saturation) as well as low oxygen concentration (starting at 25% saturation) (Fig. 4).

To more directly evaluate the contribution of each PcNLP gene to P. capsici toxicity, we employed qRT-PCR to evaluate transient expression of each silenced gene in putative transformant lines compared with SD33 and CK, using RNAs extracted from growing mycelia.

The transformant was also compared with the untransformed control strain regarding production of nitrite from ammonia during growth in ammonia medium (Fig. 5).

In this assay, transformants harboring ARS-plasmids will form only small colonies compared with transformants carrying CEN-ARS-plasmids, which is based on the improved segregation properties of centromere-bearing plasmids.

The expression of Chi67-1 in transformants was increased significantly compared with the wild type strain (P < 0.05).