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The constructed plasmids required at least two types of marker genes: one for the selection of yeast transformants and one for the selection of a- or α-type derivative cells.
Xyn11A secretion was also tested in liquid cultures for several transformants, and one of them, PICXYN18, was chosen to produce the enzyme by inducing for 48 hours in one of the media proposed by the manufacturer, BMMY, with the daily addition of 0.5% methanol.
A total of 150 transformants were analyzed for PCR products as pools (Figure 3B), each pool containing ten transformants, and one of the pools generated a PCR product of appropriate size.
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The donor segments of these clones were comparable in size, number, and distribution to those of the MIV-selected transformants and included one 'mixed' segment, suggesting that transformation in late-log cultures results from a very small fraction of fully competent cells.
In the case of construct F10, five independent transformants – four diploids and one tetraploid – displayed a subtle, variant leaf form.
Out of those, three transformants (apr1, apr4 and apr6), which did not turn blue, and one transformant (apr7), which needed less Na2S2O3 than the wild type to reach the titration point, were selected for further physiological and biochemical studies.
Five transformants showed tandem integration and one multiple integration.
This plasmid was treated with Pvu II and then transformed into strain SZ59, neomycin-resistant colonies were screened for chloramphenicol sensitivity, and correct integration at the cat cassette was confirmed by PCR using ON57 and ON58 (data not shown), and one transformant was kept for further studies (NDH30).
Accumulation of Cbh1 and CelD in the medium was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and one transformant for each enzyme was used for further investigation.
Given the observed mutational load of 1.8 errors per sequence (based on sequencing 48 nonselected transformants) and the average library size, one expects that the transformation mixture contains at least one copy of all 2583 one-step mutants, 28% of all possible double mutants, and only 0.04% of all possible triple mutants (http://guinevere.otago.ac.nz/cgi-bin/aef/pedel.pl).pl
Transformants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blots and one correct transformant (TJW123.20) was sexually crossed with RDIT2.1 to create a prototrophic strain (RCSR4.16).
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