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A number of hypotheses have been advanced, suggesting either that the expression is switched off during invasion or that many c- erbB2-positive DCIS do not transform to invasive malignancy.
These so-called Pdx-1-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+mice develop PanINs, which transform to invasive growing pancreatic carcinoma.
In 1995, Lumerman reported that 6.6%36%% of epithelial dysplasias may transform to invasive SCC[ 18].
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How often DCIS transforms to invasive carcinoma and what are the factors that predispose to this transformation are unresolved questions.
Some minute nonpolypoid intramucosal neoplasias have been reported to transform to nonpolypoid invasive cancers (Minamoto et al, 1994; Matsumoto et al, 1995; Fujiya and Maruyama, 1997).
How PGCs are transformed into CIS and converted to invasive TGCT is unknown.
EMT is the process in which an epithelial cell with apico-basolateral polarity is transformed to a cell that displays an invasive, migratory phenotype.
In contrast, when this mutant was transformed to express K-12 OmpA, it was still impaired in its invasive ability.
Variables were transformed to normality, as possible.
Most colorectal cancers develop within benign adenomatous polyps [ 2] that take on average 10 years to transform into invasive cancer.
It has recently been shown that genetic mutations are not the only factors that play a role in the progression of transformed epithelial cells to invasive tumour cells, but that continuous communication with the surrounding stroma may also facilitate tumour development [ 8, 23, 24].
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