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The R2 values obtained for all standard curves were remarkably high, and two examples (corresponding to curves with the highest and the lowest R2 values) are shown in Figure 2. The standard curves shown in Figure 2 were used to directly transform the observed I values into the frequency of the corresponding marker in test DNA solutions.
At the continuous wavelet transform, the observed function is multiplied by a group of shifted and scaled wavelet functions.
In the second phase, the CDF tables are used to transform the observed noisy coefficient to its clean estimate.
Independent component analysis (ICA) is a blind source separation method proposed in the 1990s, which can transform the observed mixed signals into a series of signals with mutually independent components in the statistical sense (Comon 1994).
Given the true Σ and the observed gene expression vectors y 1 and y 2, we transform the observed vectors and calculate a corrected Pearson's correlation.
The power analysis takes account of the fact that we plan to transform the observed caries- increment scores to a normal distribution.
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To adjust for sex and age, we transformed the observed BMI values to sex- and age-specific standard deviation scores (SDS) established by the World Health Organisation (WHO, available at: http://www.who.int/growthref/en/) using the LMS method [15].
To adjust children's BMI for sex and age, we transformed the observed BMI values to sex- and age-specific z-scores established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (http://www.who.int/growthref/en) [11].
where X im (w) is the Fourier transform of the observed signals, and J is the number of estimated windows such that L J < L m and J L J > L m.
To this end, we transform the formulation by observing that, given (2) and (3), the conditional probability of observing x n in the IP given the total reads in the control as t n = x n + y n follows the binomial distribution (4) P (x n | z n, t n ) = B i n o (t n, p z n ) where (5) p z n = M I P λ I P, z n M c t r l λ c t r l + M I P λ I P, z n.
All of these texts have served the same purpose: to develop students' understanding of the literary and philosophical developments that have shaped western thought, to empower students to be critical readers of the most significant literature and to transform the way students observe, learn about, write about and think about the world.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com