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In this model we assume that the total mutation rate between classes i and j is proportional to the number of different point mutations that transform a cell from class i to class j.
Is apoptosis resistance sufficient to transform a cell?
Only later we learned that apoptosis inhibition per se is hardly ever sufficient to transform a cell, in line with the above-mentioned multi-step carcinogenesis model.
Experimental studies have now proven that it is indeed possible to transform a cell in culture by modifying the activity of only a few critical genes.
(9– 11) Field cancerization is a concept of tumorigenesis, which is defined as a cancer initiating with multiple cumulative epigenetic and genetic alterations that transform a cell or a group of cells in a particular organ.
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Researchers at UCLA have constructed a modified lensless cell phone that enables holography-based digital microscopy [7], while researchers at UC Berkeley have constructed a complex objective attachment that also transforms a cell phone into a microscope [2].
tumour virus A virus capable of transforming a cell to a malignant phenotype.
A gene capable, when activated, of transforming a cell.
Biologists know quite a bit about the steps that transform a normal cell into a cancer cell, a cell that lawlessly divides and gives rise to a primary tumor.
Tumorigenesis requires multiple genetic defects to transform a normal cell to a tumor cell [ 38, 39].
In some instances, however, the 'wrong combination' of somatic mutations can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell.
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