These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female.
This has been done for detecting lateral gene transfer, for example, in four strains of Salmonella enterica [24].
During these transitions from an ancestral diet generally feeding on bacteria to a plant-based diet, some nematodes met the challenge of the new food source through horizontal gene transfers, for example, cellulases in the Tylenchida (Danchin et al. 2010; Haegeman et al. 2011; Paganini et al. 2012).
The minimum time low thrust transfer is addressed for example in [28].
While there are myriad possible causes for this adaptation (Bastock 2007), in part this could be to ensure the successful transfer of spermatophores (for example, in the whip spiders, Fig. 2a; Weygoldt 2002).
A similarly high proportion of failed copulations has been reported in other insects that transfer sperm via spermatophores; for example, in a noctuid moth species 20% of copulations between virgins failed to transfer any sperm to the female's storage organs [42].
Rather, a combination of independent gains, losses, and lateral transfer via recombination between paralogs, for example in EN and P, likely explains their representation.
In yet other instances, Reb proteins are most closely related among distantly related lineages, suggesting horizontal transfer of the whole locus, for example in the case of Marinomonas mediterranea MMB-1 and Shewanella denitrificans OS217.
However, gene families evolution is often more complex and is driven not just by duplication and loss but also by transfer events; this is common, for example, in microbial gene families.
Cash transfers, for example, turn out to be used wisely by recipients, and spur entrepreneurialism rather than trapping people in dependency.
