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In 1992 William Noble, of University College, London, transferred resistance genes from a vancomycin-resistant strain of a bug called Enterococcus into Staphylococcus.
Interestingly, 53% (29/54) of the MDR isolates from poultry products transferred resistance to Y. ruckeri while only one of the 14 non-poultry isolates was transfer competent.
With the exception of E. coli O118 H16 (BC-6), all strains readily transferred resistance.
In addition to the ESBL phenotype, all isolates transferred resistance to sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline and one also transferred streptomycin resistance.
The blaCTX-M-1 was in all isolates carried on a plasmid of replicon type incI, which also transferred resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole.
Transferred resistance traits were inferred by a detectable reduction of susceptibility to the drug in the transconjugant or transformant, compared to the E. coli recipient.
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Wu et al. (27 ) demonstrated that streptomycin and ampicillin are the 2 most frequently co-transferred resistance phenotypes among sulfonamide-resistant E. coli isolates recovered from pigs, pig carcasses, and humans.
Acinetobacter spp. similar to P. aeruginosa have ample ways to develop and horizontally transfer resistance.
Mothers exposed to anthropogenic pollution may transfer resistance to offspring.
charge transfer resistance.
Ultimately, the charge-transfer resistance will increase.
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