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The concept of air rights, also called transferable development rights (T.D.R.'s), as a salable commodity came about after a 1961 revamping of city zoning regulations that established density quotas for every block.
The conventional "zoning-integrative" type of transferable development rights is not the only application available.
Actually, there is no necessary connection between transferable development rights and zoning as such.
"Zoning-alternative" transferable development rights are a device in their own right, independent from zoning.
Once this overall quantity has been decided, transferable development rights are automatically allocated with an identical ratio (e.g., Y development units per acre) (Chiodelli and Moroni 2016).
In a different perspective, transferable development rights can be conceived in terms of alternatives to zoning rather than as mere adjuncts (Chiodelli and Moroni 2016).
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As the report notes: "Hundreds of incidents of gender-based violence continue to be reported weekly Lack of income generating opportunities and transferable skill development has catalysed the exploitation of adolescent girls and women in the form of forced marriage, survival sex, trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, drug smuggling and forced labor".
Examples include the Dearing Report of 1997 which provided a comprehensive review of higher education, and funding schemes, for example Roberts 'SET for success initiative, 2002' aimed at transferable skills development for postgraduates.
We have tried to clarify the concept by defining it along three lines that may constitute areas for future research: factors influencing transferability, research methods to produce transferable data, and development of criteria to assess transferability.
Transferable quality blastocyst development (48.9% of cultured zygotes) was observed in the WOW system.
Traditionally, transferable linkage map development has been achieved through the scoring of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) [ 5], microsatellites (SSRs) and gene specific markers [ 3] in a segregating progeny.
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