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Phase transfer was characterized by infrared and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
The dyanamic behavior of local heat transfer was characterized by frequency domain and state-space analysis in terms of power spectrum, correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy.
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Bed-to-wall heat transfer is characterized by near-wall particle behavior.
External and internal mass transfer were characterized for the sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol on polystyrene resins.
Prior to one circulation length, heat transfer is characterized by thermal boundary layer growth and the scaling parameter is determined to be f1="RePr.
In this case, the driving vorticity is the streamwise vorticity flux Ω, and the heat transfer is characterized by the Nusselt number Nu, both quantities being spanwise averaged.
At low difference of temperatures between the wall and the saturation temperature, the boiling heat transfer is characterized by nucleate boiling where the liquid phase wets the solid surface.
The fill factors were strongly dependent on the loading of the carbon black powder and found to be around 68%. Interfacial charge transfer and mass transport were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Heat transfer deterioration was characterized by gas resistance and coke deposition in the boundary fluid.
The syringe heat transfer coefficient was characterized by a sublimation test using pure water.
Finally, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was characterized by the significant effect of the agitation speed, while the aeration rate had a small effect on KLa.
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