Meanwhile, the heat-transfer rate distribution ratio of the superheater should be large enough to ensure that the expanding vapor in the turbine is superheated.
Effects of various design parameters such as external and internal heating, number of the coolers, Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 107), Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 1000), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05), size (25nm ≤ dp ≤ 145nm) and type (Cu, Al2O3, TiO2) on the heat transfer rate and distribution of nanoparticles are investigated.
The effects of various design parameters such as Rayleigh number (102 ≤ Ra ≤ 107), volume fraction (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05), size of nanoparticles (25 nm ≤ dp ≤ 145 nm), Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 1000) and Grashof number (102 ≤ Gr ≤ 104) on the heat transfer rate and distribution of nanoparticles for both natural and mixed convection cases are investigated.
The effects of various design parameters on the heat transfer rate and distribution of nanoparticles such as Rayleigh number (104⩽Ra⩽107), volume fraction (0⩽φ⩽0.05) and size of nanoparticles (25nm⩽dp⩽145nm), type of the nanoparticles (Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2), nanofluid average temperature (294K⩽Tave⩽324K), number of the cooler, location of the heater and arrangement of the HAC are investigated.
The apparatus was tested by means of heat transfer rate and temperature distribution uniformity over a newly-designed composite heating plate.
Closed-form solutions are derived for the nano-particle volume fraction, temperature, axial velocity, averaged volumetric flow rate, pressure difference across one wavelength, skin friction (wall shear stress function), Nusselt number (wall heat transfer rate) and stream function distribution in the wave frame.
Measurements of the total mass transfer rate, and of the distributions of mass transfer and pressure, have been made in an instrumented electrochemical pump cell at zero rotation speed, which is equivalent to a capillary gap cell.
These design factors are found to increase the overall heat transfer rate and influence the spatial distribution pattern of temperature.
The present work investigates the temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, efficiency and optimization of porous pin fins in fully wet conditions.
Molecular dynamics simulations and pathways calculations show that adsorption of the protein leads to a broad distribution of orientations and, thus, to a correspondingly broad distribution of electron transfer rate constants due to the orientation-dependence of the electronic coupling parameter.
