With financial woes now forcing many states to rethink the relentless expansion of prisons, "this intergenerational transfer of problems should be included as an additional cost of incarceration to society," said Sarah S. McLanahan, a sociologist at Princeton University and director of a national survey of families that is providing data for many of the new studies.
As mentioned above, the transfer of problem-solving competences into domain-specific areas gains importance, especially in science education because the underlying processes and skills are closely related to scientific inquiry (Friege and Lind 2006; Klahr 2000; Künsting et al. 2011; Schmidt-Weigand et al. 2009).
3. Transfer of problems across generations (specifically, transfer of unnecessary burden from older to younger generations, trans-generationally displaced revenge).
The final questionnaire asked about four problems or undesirable situations: disengagement (emotional distance), scapegoating (inappropriate blame), transfer of problems across generations (transfer of unnecessary burden from older to younger generations, trans-generationally displaced revenge), and undesirable behavior (co-dependence).
This study assessed near-transfer but not far-transfer of problem-solving.
By inducing the use of terms that are central to scientific inquiry, like observe, identify, and analyze (Slough & Rupley 2010), explorations promote the transfer of knowledge, problem-solving skills, and scientific reasoning (Kuhn 2007).
In particular, Galatea provides a computational model of how human designers might be generating new designs by incremental transfer of the problem-solving procedure used in previous design cases.
These results are in accordance with previous studies showing the effectiveness of self-explanation in fostering transfer of learning of problem-solving skills among learners studying worked out examples [ 35, 66].
We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a QLF reduces to checking a single constraint on a sum of transfer functions irrespective of problem dimension.
We recommend a modification of the current proposal that redefines the relationships between the parent banks and the AMCs by transferring the deposits of problem enterprises along with their nonperforming loans from parent banks to AMCs.
