However, these regulations have been increasingly used to govern the exportation of controlled technical data since the 1990s, including the creation of the "deemed export rule," which regulates the transfer of export-controlled technical data to foreign nationals in the United States.
On the economic front, South Sudan hoped for relief when in April 2013 it resumed the transfer of its oil exports through the pipelines and port of its neighbour to the north, Sudan.
"And we're seeing that the traditional mechanisms for controlling the transfer of such items -- export controls, border patrols, and other sanctions -- are still porous".
It is a transfer of resources from oil exporting countries to oil importers.
(It was in 1970 that Unesco adopted an international convention barring the illegal export and transfer of cultural property).
The first was the 1970 UNESCO United Nationss Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
"The first important step on the international level is the ratification and implementation of the 1970 Unesco convention of the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property," Bokova said.
This all happened, of course, long before today's nationalistic retention laws and the United Nations' Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
The resolution says: "The absence of common international standards on the import, export and transfer of conventional arms is a contributory factor to conflict, displacement of people, crime and terrorism".
Technically, unauthorized trade in such art had been illegal since 1970, when Unesco drew up its Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
