Biochemists have established, among other things, the principles that underlie energy transfer in cells, the chemical structure of cell membranes, the coding and transmission of hereditary information, muscular and nerve function, and biosynthetic pathways.
With a set of uniform governing equations for both planar and tubular SOFCs, description of flow and heat transfer in cell-level models provides the boundary conditions for the different types of electrode-level models.
Our results suggest that microbubbles offer a simple and robust method of modulating mass transfer in cell-seeded hydrogels through mild pressurization, and the methodology may be expanded in the future to include focused ultrasound for improved spatio-temporal control.
Viral vectors have been demonstrated to be highly effective for gene delivery, and among these, lentiviral vectors provide for efficient gene transfer in cells and mediate stable, high-level transgene expression both in vitro and in vivo [17], [31], [32].
The video shows a marked fusion process, including visible cell-to-cell GFP transfer, in cells transfected with the Env plasmid, while cells keep dividing over time (Additional file 1: Video 1 and Additional file 2: Video 2).
What makes it difficult to distinguish clearly between GJIC mechanisms and other mechanisms of transfer in cells exposed to chemicals or radiation is the lack of precise control over the regions of cells directly exposed.
Women, men and children were often transferred in cell vehicles together, exposing women to potential harassment.
Fluorescent resonance energy transfer enables in-cell visualization of protein pairs [ 28] at a distance of typically less than 10 nm.
Culture conditions like shaker orbit diameters and flask volumes were recommended in order to favor an adequate cell growth and mass transfer in plant cell cultures.
After decades teasing out the biochemical details of energy transfers in cells, the ascent of DNA signified that information stood for all that was interesting about the inner workings of life - hence the headline hype about the human genome project.
For convective heat transfer analysis, the cells are modeled implicitly as temperature-dependent sinks modeling the out-of-plane fluid convection through the cells; the sink strength is determined via a micromechanics problem of heat transfer in a cell.
